In the post-Cold War Era, the reemergence of Ethnic Nationalism is challenging the principles that once mitigated its impact, posing a threat to global stability. Historically, the alignment of state borders with national communities has been a source of political legitimacy. However, the recent resurgence of ethnic nationalism, fuelled by exclusionary politics and the erosion of liberal norms, raises concerns about the potential return of violent upheavals on the global stage.
The aftermath of the Second World War ushered in an era of global cooperation, marked by efforts to reduce ethno-nationalist conflicts. Principles, like territorial integrity and universal human rights, along with institutions, such as the United Nations, played pivotal roles in maintaining peace. Yet, recent developments, such as Brexit and the rise of Right-Wing populism, suggest a troubling shift in the political landscape. Leaders worldwide, from Europe to Brazil, Russia and Turkey, are increasingly embracing ethnic nationalism, targeting migrants and minority communities. This trend not only threatens the established order, but also raises the spectre of major conflicts both within and among countries.
Analysing the factors contributing to ethnic conflict, the risk is found to be higher in Developing Nations with a history of discrimination against minorities. Nations, like Ethiopia, Iran, Pakistan and the Republic of the Congo, face increased susceptibility to ethnic tensions. Even in the Developed World, challenges are apparent, as seen in Spain, Northern Ireland and eastern Europe, where the return of ethnic nationalism jeopardises hard-earned peace and stability.
To effectively contain the resurgence of ethnic nationalism, a dual approach is proposed, addressing both the supply and demand sides of the issue. On the supply side, political elites must take a firm stand against discriminatory policies, resist foreign interference and defend liberal values within international organisations. The European Union (EU), for instance, could consider cutting financial support for illiberal member states and promote more stringent membership criteria.
On the demand side, addressing socio-economic inequalities is crucial. Populist demagogues often exploit growing economic disparities, blaming ethnically distinct immigrants or resident minorities for these issues. Governments must retool immigration policies to better integrate newcomers and implement programmes that offer job training to the unemployed in depressed regions. Preventing the further hollowing out of welfare programmes is essential to mitigate populist appeals that depict out-groups as welfare burdens.
While addressing economic problems is crucial, political elites must go beyond narrow economic fixes. They should explicitly argue for ethnic tolerance and supranational cooperation, portraying them as matters of basic human decency and security. In Europe, for instance, politicians must confront socio-economic inequality and regional underdevelopment instead of scapegoating the EU for their own failings.
As the memories of the violent first half of the 20th Century fade into history, it becomes increasingly important to recognise the potential peril in the resurgence of ethnic nationalism. The journey from ethnic nationalism to ethnic war may not be as distant as it seems. Therefore, proactive measures are urgently needed to safeguard global peace and harmony.
The resurgence of ethnic nationalism poses a serious threat to the post-Second World War order that aimed at preventing major conflicts. Political elites, international organisations and governments must collectively work to contain ethnic nationalism by addressing its root causes and promoting inclusive policies. Failing to do so risks reversing the decades of progress toward peace, bringing about a return to the ills that accompanied the past ascendance of ethnic nationalism.
Talk Diplomacy published this article on March 7, 2024.
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