Turn to our traveller of 1889. Berri, says Miss Betham- Edwards, has been transformed under a sound land system. It has indeed a poor soil; but, even in the ltriste Sologne,' plantations, irrigation canals, and improved methods of agriculture are transforming this region. So rapid is the progress that George Sand, who died but the other day, would hardly recognise the country she has described so well. Here and there may be seen, now used as an outhouse, one of those bare, windowless cabins which shocked Arthur Young, and close at hand the 'neat, airy, solid dwellings ' the peasant owners have built for themselves.
Here Miss Betham-Edwards visited newly-made farms, with their spick-and-span buildings, the whole having the appearance of a little settlement in the Far West. The holdings vary from 6 to 30 acres, their owners possessing a capital of 5000 to 8000 and even 25,000 francs, the land well stocked and cultivated, the people well dressed, and signs of general content and well-being delightful to contemplate.
And as to metayage, 'that miserable system which perpetuates poverty,' Miss Betham-Edwards finds it now one of the chief factors of the agricultural progress of France, creating cordial relations between landlord and tenant. The secret of this curious conflict between two most competent observers is this: mitayage—the system under which the owner of the soil finds land, stock, and implements, the tiller of the farm finds manual labour, and all produce is equally shared — depends for its fair working upon just laws, equality before the law, absence of any privilege in the owner, and good understanding as between men who alike respect each other private tours istanbul.
Large tracts in France
With these, it is an excellent system of farming, very favourable to the labourer; without these, it may almost reduce him to serfdom. It may thus be one of the best, or one of the worst, of all systems of husbandry. As Arthur Young saw it under the ancient system of privileged orders, it was almost as bad as an Irish tenancy at will. Under the new system of post-revolutionary equality, it has given prosperity to large tracts in France.
From Autun in Burgundy, Arthur Young travelled across the Bourbonnais and the Nivernais, and he found the country 'villainously cultivated'; when he sees such a country 'in the hands of starving metayers, instead of fat farmers,' he knows not how to pity the seigneurs. To-day, his editor finds 'fat farmers' innumerable, for metayage has greatly advanced the condition of the peasants. The country that lies between the mouths of the Garonne and the Loire is precisely that part of his journey which wrings from Arthur Young his furious invective against the great lords whom he wished he could make
'to skip again.' Now, the Gironde, the Charente, and La Vendde are thriving, rich districts, intersected with railways; ' and, owing to the indefatigable labours of peasant owners, hundreds of thousands of acres of waste land have been put under cultivation.'
Or turn to Brittany, which Arthur Young calls 'a miserable province '; ' husbandry not much further advanced than among the Hurons '; 'the people almost as wild as their country '; ' mud houses, no windows '; ' a hideous heap of wretchedness ' — all through ' the execrable maxims of despotism, or the equally detestable prejudices of a feudal nobility.' And this is the rich, thriving, laborious, and delightful Brittany which our tourists love, where Miss Betham-Edwards tells us of scientific farming, artificial manures, machinery, 'the granary of Western France,' market gardens, of fabulous value, and a great agricultural college, one of the most important in Europe.
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